Chemoreception How Insects Taste

Insects like all creatures have preferences in what they like to eat. Yellow jackets, for example, are very attracted to sweets, while mosquitos are very attracted to humans. Since some insects eat very specific plants or prey, they must have a way to distinguish one taste from another. While insects dont have tongues the way humans do, when they ingest  a solid or liquid they are able to sense its chemical make up. This ability to sense chemicals is what makes up an insects sense of smell.   How Insects Taste An insects ability to taste works in much the same way it is able to smell. Special chemoreceptors in the insects nervous system trap chemical molecules. The chemical molecules are then moved and placed in contact with a dendrite, a branching projection from a neuron. When the chemical molecule contacts a neuron, it causes a depolarization of the neuron membrane. This creates an electrical impulse that can travel through the nervous system. The insect brain can then direct the muscles to take appropriate action like extending a proboscis and drinking nectar, for example. How Insects Sense of Taste and Smell Differ While insects probably dont experience taste and smell the same way humans do, they do react to the chemicals they interact with. Based on the insect behavior, researchers are confident in saying insects do smell and taste. In the same way that the human senses of smell and taste are connected, so are insects. The real difference between an insects sense of smell and sense of taste lies in the form of the chemical it is collecting. If the chemical molecules occur in gaseous form, traveling through the air to reach the insect, then we say the insect is smelling this chemical. When the chemical is present in a solid or liquid form and comes in direct contact with the insect, the insect is said to be tasting the molecules. An insects sense of taste is referred to as contact chemoreception or gustatory chemoreception. Tasting With Their Feet Taste receptors are thick-walled hairs or pegs with a single pore through which chemical molecules can enter. These chemoreceptors also called uni-porous sensilla, they usually occur on the mouthparts, since thats the part of the body involved with feeding. Like any rule, there are exceptions, and certain insects have taste buds in odd places. Some female insects have taste receptors on their ovipositors, the organ used for laying eggs. The insects can tell from the taste of a plant or other substance if it is a suitable place to lay its eggs. Butterflies have taste receptors on their feet (or tarsi), so they can sample any substrate they land on just by walking on it. As unpleasant as it is to consider, flies, also taste with their feet, and will reflexively extend their mouthparts if they land on anything edible. Honey bees and some wasps can taste with receptors on the tips of their antennae.

Neanderthal Brain Size At Birth - 1718 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the article, quot;Neanderthal Brain Size at Birth Provides Insights into the Evolution of Human Life Historyquot; by Marcia S. Ponce de Leon discussed human life history is characterized by an extended period of developmental immaturity. This pattern of ontogeny is thought to be necessary for higher cognitive capabilities (Ponce de Leon 37). However, recent studies suggest the differences between the human brain growth and the chimpanzees are less evident (Ponce de Leon 37). Humans reach their large adult brains by means of higher growth rates early during ontogeny (Ponce de Leon 37). With that being said, large adult brains are connected with slow life histories (Ponce de Leon 37). Even so, the†¦show more content†¦Yet, there hasnapos;t been any indication of an increase in intelligence (Henneberg 745). In modern humans, brain size and intelligence is very weak (Henneberg 745). With the exception of size, there appears to be no significant dissimilarities between the anatomy of ape and human brains (Henneberg 745).nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In addition, the macro evolutionary enlargement of the hominid brain correspond with other mammals and body size (Henneberg 748). The micro evolutionary decrease in human brain size during intellectual and cultural achievement (Henneberg 748). The lack of intraspecfic correlation between brain size and measured human intelligence is not in result of its size (Henneberg 748). It is also probably not in result of its gross anatomical structure (Henneberg 748). Human encephalization may be more a result of the reduction in the relative body size as opposed to the increase in brain size (Henneberg 748). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the article, quot;Brain ontogeny and life history in Homo erectusquot; by Steven R. Leigh discussed Homo erectus provided meaningful insights about the evolution of human ontogeny, life history, as well as cognition. The similarity between hominins is determined by testing three hypotheses (Leigh 105). With that being said, Mojokertoapos;s absolute brain size is expected to be 0.5 - 1.5 year old H. sapiens (Leigh 105). The cranialShow MoreRelatedChanges Of Climate Change Across Earth1561 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, it is hard to prove this hypothesis as new fossils are found (p. 236). While H. erectus characteristics vary across continents, the majority share the same range in body size, brains, and cranial shape. H. erectus adults had robust bodies weighing more than 100 lbs. and measuring 5’6† tall. The range in H. erectus brain size is 700 to 1250 cm(^3). The most distinct characteristic of H. erectus is its cranial shape. The cran ium displays a thick cranial bone, large brow ridges, a pointy nuchal torusRead MoreComplication Of Birth.1575 Words   |  7 PagesComplication of birth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Throughout the years, our brain shape has changed in result of the nutrition received. The amount of nutrition received is the biggest factor with regard to the change in brain size. Therefore, the sufficient nutrition increased the size of the brain. In result, the increased brain size created advanced cognitive functions. Culture nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In chapter eight quot;Early Hominisquot; of the textbook, quot;IntroductionRead MoreFactors in the Evolution to Bipedalism766 Words   |  4 Pagesspecies has significantly changed during the course of evolution to what is now the modern day Homo sapiens. Some of the changes that have occurred through the evolution are bipedalism, changes in body features such as brow ridges, and an increase in brain capacity. Bipedalism is a form of locomotion that is on two feet and is the one factor that separates humans from other forms of hominoids. The first bipeds are believed to have lived in Africa between 5 and 8 million years ago. (HavilandRead MoreSimilarities Between Neanderthals And Modern Humans Essay2071 Words   |  9 PagesNeanderthals were a species of archaic humans who migrated out of Africa and into Europe and Asia. However, around 40,000 years ago the large populations of Neanderthals died off and became extinct. The mysterious circumstances that surrounded their extinction drove various research teams to undertake the task of excavating numerous Neanderthal sites to collect fossilized bones, and artifacts in order to learn more about this group of ancestral humans. Over the past years, major technological advancesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Iceman The Neanderthal 1227 Words   |  5 PagesNeanderthal Prejudice Elizabeth Armistead When humans encounter other humans, we tend to treat them differently. Whether it’s because of cultural barriers, language barriers, or something as trivial as skin color, we view some people differently than we view those who share our ethnicity, culture, and values. This is referred to as racism or prejudice and it is still an active problem in the world today. But although people can differ greatly when it comes to culture or appearance, we share mostRead MoreAncient History: Neanderthals to Homosapiens1957 Words   |  8 Pages NEANDERTHALS TO HOMOSAPIENS Neanderthal the most recent archaic human, who was introduced to this world between 300,00 and 100,000 years ago then after many years were replaced by humans between 35,000 and 24,000 years ago. Neanderthals inhabited Eurasia from the Atlantic regions of Europe eastward to Central Asia and from as far north as present-day Belgium southward to the Mediterranean and southwest Asia.† (www.britannica.com). Human populations that were very similar to Neanderthals lived inRead MoreEnvironmental Factors Affecting Human Evolution Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic mutations appeared in cases that led to the birth of new species by creating further genetic differences that allows more of a kind of species to survive by increase the chances of producing offspring and give adaptations to survive based around a new habitat. Furthermore, responses to environmental factors show that records of some organisms responded by creating change to their environments instead of themselves. Huma ns, with larger brains than other animals, have shown to do this substatiallyRead MoreHomo Neanderthalensis- the Neanderthals3667 Words   |  15 PagesSince their discovery more than a century ago, the Neanderthals have hovered over the minds and have baffled the best-laid theories of paleoanthropologists. They seem to fit in the general scheme of human evolution, and yet they’re misfits. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p.367) In a way they are like us the modern Homo sapiens but yet are a very different species. But the real question that needs to be answered is â€Å"why the Neanderthals were considered a different species than the Homo sapiensRead MoreAncient Civilizations And The Modern World1379 Words   |  6 Pagesand humans have adapted to their surroundings. All living things have changed throughout time. The thing that differs humans from the rest is, humans are more cognitively advanced. Over the course of time the shape and size of the human skull ha ve changed. The size of the human brain has increased, which has allowed humans to adapt more to their surroundings. To survive, humans were making tools for hunting and to cut with. The closer you lived to the equator the darker your skin may have been, soRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article History Of Technology By Robert Angus Buchanan1012 Words   |  5 PagesSebastian Arias From the birth of the first single celled organism, to the first dated appearance of the neanderthal, life has been constantly evolving to achieve a greater sense of survival and adaptation. We as human beings have become a prime example of the evolutionary process surpassing the predators which once preyed upon us to becoming the top of the food change. Although our evolution is an amazing feat we have used the knowledge of billions of years of evolution to create something

Industrial Production and Capitalism Drivers of Social Change Free Essays

string(191) " the workers by privately appropriating the surplus value produced by the workers, giving them much less than the use value of their time and effort invested in production \(Marx 1848: 23\)\." Industrial Production and Capitalism: Drivers of social change in history Ho Xin Qian Louise In this essay, I will illustrate why industrial production and capitalism were major causes of social change in history by stating three main arguments. Firstly, I put forth the case that industrial production and capitalism have changed the role and nature of markets in history. In doing this, I trace how the market has become the central system of social coordination via market instruments, encompassing even the elements of industry like land, labor and money. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Production and Capitalism Drivers of Social Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now In exemplification, I explain how industrial capitalism has brought about the rise of mass production and mass markets, enabling the market system to expand its influence. Secondly, I will illustrate how industrial capitalism has changed the social relations of production, as well as the social organization of work, resulting in class struggle and socio-economic stratification in history. Lastly, I touch on the changes in norms and culture within institutions due to industrial production and capitalism. For the purpose of this paper, I define industrial production as production brought about by mechanized technology and industrious labor in centralized locations. Capitalism is defined as a system of profit making commerce made possible by the usage of money, decentralized circulation of capital and the market exchange of commodities. I use the term industrial capitalism to denote the amalgamation of both forces. The Role and Nature of Markets in History It is my contention that industrial production has changed the role and nature of markets in history, placing it in the centre of society and economy. It is true that industrial capitalism presupposes the existence of a market system. However, the market system was never the dominant system of social control until the development of isolated markets by mercantilist means, and subsequently the transnational interaction and proliferation of markets into a market economy, brought about by industrialization in the 18thC. It is due to this transcendence of boundaries and displacement of market activity that gives rise to the â€Å"market† as an abstract mechanism. According to Polyani, before the rise of markets, the society organizes itself via systems of redistribution, house-holding and reciprocity, of which operates on non-economic motives like social prestige and kinship (Polyani 1944: 46-58). After the rise of markets with long distance and local trade, markets have started to take on a more important role in providing necessities; however, they did not function for a majority of the population, who were still dependent upon common exchange and subsistence systems. Thereafter, mercantilism created isolated national markets which consolidated local economic activity and increased trade. However, it was not until the Industrial Revolution in the mid 18thC that the market system became the main driver of social change across different countries through the creation of mass markets. The industrial revolution has brought about new forms of technology and power, transformed modes of production and created factories as centralized locations for mechanized production to take place. Mass production techniques like specialization, standardization, time-discipline, rational capital accounting and centralization allow for production costs to decrease with volume, thus generating a high amount of output, providing goods more cheaply than one could have done outside of the factory. As a result, people buy their essentials from these mass markets rather than produce by themselves. Also, they produce solely for the market, deriving income to purchase other goods in the circulation of commodities. Moreover, with industrial capitalism, the market mechanism has also come to allocate factors of production such as land, labor and money, which according to Polyani were not real commodities, but merely have exchange value because they become privately owned by use of legal contracts and sales (Polyani 1944: 68-76). Since then, mass markets have come to synchronize most economic activities like consumption, production, distribution and even finance in the most efficient fashion (Swedberg 2005:238-240). These markets become far reaching and displaced in light of industrial capitalism because of communicative and transport technology, the mobility of money and relations of free trade, which re-defined the notion of markets from a place to an abstract network of actors across national boundaries. Also, the nature of markets has changed from being state-controlled to being self-regulating. The market system becomes the center of economic and social life as it coordinates most economic activities not by state regulation but by economic instruments like the price mechanism, supply and demand aggregates. Social Relations of Production and Organization of Work Industrial capitalism has, with the change in material means of production, brought about a change in the social relations of production and organization of work. In capitalistic societies, instead of directly interacting with nature in production, human beings depend on each other by exchanging their assets in place of producing for subsistence. Hence, they inevitably enter into social relations of production between those who own the means of production (capitalist) and those who do not but are economically compelled to sell their labor power (worker) for wages. In the circulation of capital, surplus value can be derived from the difference between capital invested and capital retrieved because capital (such as land, factory and machinery), only when combined with labor, transforms products to sell for higher exchange values, thereby generating surplus value and profit. This circulation of capital is durable because capitalists aim to invest their capital to make even more profits while workers can only increase their wages by working harder or by investing in their skills. Since then, the relationship between capitalists have become increasingly competitive due to the drive for profits while the worker-capitalist relation has replaced family (sexual division of labor) as the primary relation of production. According to Marx, as the ownership of means of production is exclusive and alienable, the society becomes separated into two distinct classes – the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the proletarian (or worker), where between them is a relationship of domination and exploitation. Marx observed that the capitalists tend to exploit the workers by privately appropriating the surplus value produced by the workers, giving them much less than the use value of their time and effort invested in production (Marx 1848: 23). You read "Industrial Production and Capitalism Drivers of Social Change" in category "Essay examples" Also, the exploitation goes further by manifesting itself in the working conditions of factories, where workers were forced to work for long hours and children were also engaged as child labor. The exploitation and domination over workers exists because of the profit motive of decreasing costs and increasing revenue, as well as the fact that workers have less argaining power over their jobs than their employers. Capitalism has also re-defined the social organization of work by the formation of labor markets and complex division of labor. Prior to the onset of industrial capitalism, work was just defined as any effortful activity which attributes use value to commodities. However, with industrial capitalism, the formation of labor markets constituting workers, employers, jobs and networks is possible, and they function to allocate labor resources and allow capitalists to negotiate labor price and working conditions. Here, there is a clear demarcation of what is considered paid â€Å"work† and what lies outside of the labor market in the informal economy. Within the labor market, the exchange value of labor depends on the quantity and quality of labor, which denotes different labor processes and skills. The differentiation in wages is due to the complex division of labor brought about by industrial capitalism. Unlike the simple division of labor, where society is categorized into different occupations as in craftmanship, the capitalistic industry has a tendency to control and divide the mass production process into many simple tasks which all unskilled workers are capable of accomplishing. Workers are subdivided into different capabilities and made to specialize in simple tasks to be able to perform quickly and productively. This organization of work greatly improves the efficiency of the system, bringing costs down with more units of production. As seen in the Fordist model of mass production, workers as such are being â€Å"deskilled† and made interchangeable to the extent that they can be fired or hired according to production requirements (Womack 1990: 19-46). Thus, the market value of such menial labor is very low as opposed to professions (doctors) and skilled labor (technicians). The way work is being socially organized into skilled and unskilled labor has thus brought about socio-economic stratification in production relations. Marx has criticized this form of organization as being â€Å"alienating†, especially for the menial workers. As workers are being made interchangeable by the subdivided nature of production process, their labor is being looked upon only as a commodity, at their employer’s disposal. The worker loses control over his produce, the work process and his ability to creatively express himself. Moreover, their menial labor becomes cheapened in the process of unemployment and labor surplus. On the other hand, professionals are able to safeguard their interests by exclusive job administration channels, keeping their wages high due to marketable specialized knowledge. As a result, socio-economic stratification has also become defined by consumption relations such as occupational prestige and status groups. Norms and Culture Lastly, it is clear that industrial capitalism has brought about important changes in norms and culture. Most explicitly, industrial capitalism has changed the culture of work in the society. Prior to this time, work was characterized by disparate tasks that one is required to do in the day, and is oriented to what is necessary to be attended to. There is little divide between work and life. In industrial-capitalistic societies, work is characterized by a series of jobs which need to be synchronized in terms of sequence and speed. Time-discipline is important for work in the capitalist economies because productivity and time are highly correlated (Thompson 1967, 60:61). People are expected to use time allocated for work efficiently and solely for work. As the stimulus for work has changed from subsistence to wage incentives, there is potential of increasing wages by putting in more effort put into work. Thus, as competition for jobs and within jobs increase, people are pushed to work harder and longer in their jobs. Also, in the 18thC, industrial capitalism has led to the trend of rapid urbanization due to rural urban migration and international migration in seek of factory jobs. This has led to a major restructuration of society within countries like England, where the working class poor tend to congregate near the city centre for employment and the more affluent middle class tend to decentralize away from these city centers, where living conditions are bad. The result is a case of socio-economic polarization within cities, where differences in standards of living are stark between gated communities and urban slums. In all, industrial capitalism tend to generate disparate levels of wealth and poverty amongst the working and capitalist classes. Lastly, industrial capitalism is likely to produce changes in habits and lifestyle which are oriented towards the market. The culture of consumerism is prevalent in many industrial and post-industrial societies, brought about by both producers and consumers. Producers aim to increase the capital return from their investment by either catering to existing needs or by creating new needs and wants. With the use of marketing strategies and production technology, they are able to sell their products at a high profit margin. Consumers, on the other hand, are faced with the proliferation of goods and services available at competitive prices. With the wages they have earned, they are able to afford more goods at a lower price. In all, this paper contends that industrial production and capitalism are major drivers of social change in three ways. Firstly, industrial capitalism has changed the role and nature of markets in history, from an auxiliary mechanism to the main instrument of social coordination. Secondly, industrial capitalism has revolutionized the social relations of production, from humanity’s struggle with nature to dependency on each other. It has also changed the social organization of work, by re-defining what is work and by organizing work into skilled and non-skilled categories with varying consequences. Thirdly, industrial capitalism has influenced the norms and culture of society through â€Å"industriousness†, urbanization and consumerism. (1991 Words) How to cite Industrial Production and Capitalism Drivers of Social Change, Essay examples

A Little Girls Dream free essay sample

He told me to wait for him in the back of the courtroom, until he was finished trying his case. But I was only nine years old and got bored easily. I had my favorite American Girl doll with me, but I just couldnt sit there anymore. This was no place for me. So I wandered the shiny floors of the courthouse lobby, lost in a sea of unfamiliar faces, until finally ending up in the back of another courtroom not too far from the first. It looked the same as the first one. Smelled the same too. But what was happening inside was very different. And all at once I was anything but bored. I could not stop staring at him. And wondering why he was crying. His family was crying too. I could tell that he was trying to speak but his words were being suffocated by all of his emotion. We will write a custom essay sample on A Little Girls Dream or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He remained slumped over, in the arms of someone who was dressed just like my father always was pressed white shirt, suit and tie. They held on to each other for quite some time. Then the man who was crying pulled away, wiped his eyes, and finally spoke. Thank you, he said to the man in the fancy blue suit. Thank you for saving my life. Although disobeying my fathers instructions that day led to a temporary loss of television privileges later that night, my insolence remains the best decision I have ever made. As I watched the human drama unfold before my young eyes, only realizing the full extent of what had transpired after my father explained all of the details to me, I discovered what I would do with my future. I want to save peoples lives daddy, I said with great conviction. Just like you and the man in the blue suit. He laughed. Thats a very nice thought honey. But you have lots of time. Things could change. He thought I was just being a kid. Willful and impulsive. He was wrong. The scene in that courtroom that day became a window into my future. I knew instantly that I would be an attorney who helped protect the innocent from injustice. I would devote my life to the service of others. The only issue remained the years Id have to wait before getting that opportunity. Again, I was only nine years old. So I filled my days with other ways to assist those in need. Beginning that year, I spent every Thanksgiving at the local soup kitchen cooking and serving those who cannot afford a Thanksgiving meal. As a former Girl Scout, I continue to participate in clothing drives, where I provide clothing to those who do not have enough to wear. As a student, I have also had the opportunity to help ESL children learn how to read and write properly and Ive spent many days volunteering at the local hospital where I help patients. And, of course, as I await the fulfillment of my ultimate goal, my participation in Law Club continues to remind me that this is the profession for me. I am exactly where I belong. Embarking on this next chapter of my life is exciting, for I am finally bringing my nine year old vision to life. I have grown a lot since then, immersing myself in these countless opportunities to help others, while continuing to learn more about the field about which I am so passionate. And throughout all of it, my goal has remained steadfast. It is who I am. My undergraduate studies and post graduate work are the final steps I will take, each instrumental in shaping me as an attorney while helping me to finally attain my childhood dream the dream of finally being the one standing in a courtroom wearing the fancy suit while saving lives.

Peets Coffee and Tea Application of Machiavellis Ideas in Enhancing Business

Company Profile Peet’s coffee and tea is a corporation found in San Francisco Bay and mainly specializes in coffee roasting and retailing. Alfred Peet established the organization in 1966 and it has been expanding year after another following his able leadership.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peet’s Coffee and Tea: Application of Machiavelli’s Ideas in Enhancing Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He established a small coffee roasting business that with the solely purpose of sourcing funds to cater for his expenses implying that he was never optimistic of forming a large organization that has the potential to compete with the market leader. The company was strategically situated, a factor that contributed to its growth since it served the students from the University of California. Currently, the organization has several branches across the country, with the major ones in California, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, and Illinois. The management has been keen on exploiting the market in order to achieve the financial objectives. The administration appreciates the fact that students are likely to consume coffee products and it has always ensured that it negotiates with various university bodies as regards to the opening of the coffee shops and outlets. However, the organization does not have the capacity to compete with other market leaders, such as Starbucks because of its narrow focus. Unlike Starbucks, it only concentrates on coffee and tea production and retailing. This makes it a California company, with few stores and outlets across the country. This paper argues that the ideas of Machiavelli on the prince could be applied successfully to enhance business in the organization. In other words, Peet’s coffee and tea has the potential of outsmarting the market leaders, such as Starbucks by simply borrowing the views of Machiavelli. In the Prince, Machiavell i was of the view that the leader has to apply all available tactics in order to achieve greatness for the city-state. Based on this, the leader can choose to be cunning, diplomatic, persuasive, or destructive, as long as the major goals are achieved. This means that the end will always justify the means since the ultimate goal will clarify the path in which a leader followed. In this case, Peet’s coffee and tea has to employ all available strategies to outmuscle the market leaders, such as Starbucks. This paper looks at various aspects of Machiavelli’s views as far as gaining and maintaining power is concerned.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More World’s most popular leaders, including Hitler, Stalin, Lenin, Mussolini, and Napoleon applied Machiavelli’s ideas successfully, even though some of them never modified the assumptions to suit their environm ents. Peet’ coffee and tea is encouraged to adjust the views to be consistent with the business environment in which it operates. Since Machiavelli’s ideas relates to rising to power without moral or legal consideration, the organization has to borrow a few productive ideas, but it should not import them wholesomely. For Machiavelli, Peet’s coffee and tea will have to apply tricks, such as murder, betrayal, unfaithfulness, pitilessness, and impiousness to achieve the objectives. However, all these would definitely lead to the collapse of the organization and it may as well attract legal tussles. Through Machiavelli’s techniques, the organization will simply gain power, but it would be difficult to achieve glory (Scott and Kesten 118). Opponents of Machiavelli’s views are of the opinion that ethics must be considered when engaging in leadership and business implying that murdering some people to take over their wealth is immoral (Benner 89). Kantian theory of ethics suggests that any action has to be universal meaning that the majority has to support it or subscribe to it. Additionally, Kant opposed the view that human beings could perhaps be used as the means to an end. On the other hand, utilitarianism tends to support the views of Machiavelli since a negative action can be taken to salvage the interests of the majority. Therefore, Peet’s coffee and tea should be aware of the general ethical standards and business codes of ethics when applying some of these ideas. Qualities of the Leader Machiavelli presented the qualities of a good leader with the capability of taking the organization to a different level. He talked about virtue, which has a stronger meaning as compared to the modern meaning. For him, virtues could mean a talent, expertise, power, dynamism, vigor, resourcefulness, bravery, or strength of mind. In this regard, virtue is an important quality in leadership that the prince has to acquire if he is to gove rn the city in the most appropriate way. In the same way, the entrepreneur and the business manager need some of these qualities since they enable them to offer superior services to several stakeholders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peet’s Coffee and Tea: Application of Machiavelli’s Ideas in Enhancing Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management of Peet’s coffee and tea should employ some of these features since they are compatible with any business objective. Apart from virtue, Machiavelli talked about other three features of a good leader that enable him or her to maintain power. Any leader should be stingy instead of being generous because bigheartedness does not allow people to note the difference, even though the leader might have brought several changes (Mulcaster 66). However, generosity is only applied when it is determined that it can achieve the immediate objective. Peet’s coffee and tea has failed to achieve its main objective of gaining a competitive advantage because of laxity. In the global market, companies that have explored this feature effectively have succeeded in being the market leaders. One such company is Microsoft because it always hoards products to control the prices, a technique that accountants refer to as cookie jar, which is effective in gaining competitive advantage. Another important feature for the leader is discipline whereby he noted that it would be far much better to be feared than to be loved. Even though this would be challenging to apply in Peet’s coffee and tea, any manager has to study its viability. Finally, the leader has to be truthful, but can be applied only if it is a means to an end. Several leaders have applied deception to realize organizational ambitions, with Ian Telford, the internal entrepreneur at Dow Chemicals, being cited as an example. The leader spread rumors about a project that ended up being successful. It should be noted that the features of a leader that Machiavelli suggested are only used to achieve power, but they are shrewd and treacherous because they do not consider morality. Acquisition of Power through Individual Ability and Freedom The qualities discussed in the above section help a leader in the organization to execute his or her duties professionally, but this cannot be achieved without self-confidence and self-being. This means that business managers should always be concerned with their health physically, emotionally, and psychology since any lapse can result in serious problems that could bring the operations of the business down.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The political climate in Italy at the time was characterized by competition and selfishness, which is the same as the current market that forces organizations to engage in zero-sum games. In this case, the political leader in the Italian society had to do things without relying on another person because no one was to be trusted. Peet’s coffee and tea has to instruct its managers to concentrate on delivering the core objectives and this can only be realized when each leader moves in to deal with the situation personally without relying on the juniors. Machiavelli gave an example of King David who refused to be given additional weapons to engage Goliath in a fight. Based on this, Peet’s coffee and tea should accumulate adequate resources to enable it fight for its rightful place in the market instead of relying on external forces, such as recession and government regulations. Furthermore, Machiavelli recommended the recruitment of mercenaries in fighting the enemy becaus e they are highly trained and dangerous enough to destroy the opponent (Machiavelli 8). In the same way, Peet’s coffee and tea should have close confidants who would swing into action to deliver the expected goals when conditions are extreme. Machiavelli noted further that the activities of mercenaries in Italy made the country lose its position as the most powerful country in the continent. In this case, Peet’s coffee and tea should not rely too much on other companies, including those contracted to supply and distribute goods, but instead it has to come up with ways that would enable it sustain market competition. Regarding the workforce, the management has to empower each employee to develop loyalty since devoted employees would be willing to die for the organization (Gladwell 12). The Role of Favor in Maintenance of Power In the tenth chapter of his book, Machiavelli talked about the nature of human beings by noting that they prefer conferring orders as opposed to receiving them meaning that they are naturally appetitive. He discussed the forfeited cities of Germany in the chapter, an idea that can be borrowed to strengthen the performance of Peet’s coffee and tea. In this regard, it is factual that any organization is likely to cope with the changes in the external environment provided the management has the support of the workforce. Borrowing from the views of Machiavelli, the organization has to cater for the needs of all employees, including provision of security and basic needs (Gunnthorsdottir, McCabe, and Smith 46). For instance, employees should be assured of their jobs to prevent any anxiety that comes because of loss of employment. The organization has to devise some of the strategies that will attract employees to work hard towards realization of major goals. Peet’s coffee and tea has to formulate and implement this strategy since major competitors are already doing it. For instance, the owner of Starbucks, Howard Sch ultz, introduced health benefits meant to cater for the health needs of employees (Hill and Gareth 26). This had an effect because many hard working and reliable employees agreed to sign long-term contracts. Opportunity and the External Surrounding Machiavelli appreciated the role of luck in enhancing leadership since some people might possess all the features of a good leader, but they might not be successful in leading the organization to higher places. Even though a leader might achieve power through luck, such leadership is usually temporary, as it would be difficult to maintain it. In fact, this is applicable in the business environment because a company should be able to fight for its place instead of relying on unpredictable circumstances to manage competition. Luck presents itself because of opportunities and it is suggested that any slightest chance has to be utilized maximally. Many leaders in the world have succeeded without necessarily relying on fortune, but they explor ed opportunities that presented themselves during their tenures. Similarly, a number of organizations have been successful in the global market because of seizing any slightest chance. Once an organization is given an opportunity, it has to come up with strategies that would enable it expand and maintain the market. Peet’s coffee and tea has several chances that it has to exploit to outsmart market leaders, such as Starbucks. For this to happen, its leaders should possess certain personal and interpersonal qualities, which are critical when it comes to executing duties. Through these qualities, they have to create opportunities and exploit them to gain an advantage in the market (Whelan 88). For instance, Peet’s coffee and tea has to employ technology in its operations, especially in marketing of products since the social media is the new channel of information distribution. It should be remembered that the views of Machiavelli should never be implemented wholesome bec ause they were not meant for business. In fact, business principles were non-existent at his time and social corporate responsibility was not developed. In the modern society, the organization has to observe strict business ethics if it has any ambition of being the market leader. Works Cited Benner, Erica. Machiavelli’s Ethics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Print. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point. New York: Little Brown, 2000. Print. Gunnthorsdottir, Anna, McCabe, Kevin, and Smith, Vernon. â€Å"Using the Machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game†. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23.2 (2002), 49-66. Hill, Charles, and Gareth, Jones. Strategic Management Theory: an Integrated Approach. New York: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. Machiavelli, NiccoloÌ€. The Prince. New York: Sovereign, 2012. Print. Mulcaster, Walters. â€Å"Three Strategic Frameworks.† Business Strategy Series, 10.1, (2009): 68-75. Print. Scott , Armstrong, and Kesten, Greene. â€Å"Competitor-oriented Objectives: The Myth of Market Share†. International Journal of Business, 12.1 (2007): 116–134. Print. Whelan, Frederick. Hume and Machiavelli: Political Realism and Liberal Thought. New York: Lexington, 2007. Print. This essay on Peet’s Coffee and Tea: Application of Machiavelli’s Ideas in Enhancing Business was written and submitted by user Maximilian Duke to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Moll Flanders essays

Moll Flanders essays The Role of Motherhood in Moll Flanders In Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe, there is no true development of maternal feelings over the course of the novel. At times throughout the story, what appear to be maternal feelings are really overshadowed by either guilt or a hidden motive. It is quite evident that Defoe is out to show that maternal feelings in Moll's orbit were not very strong, as can be seen in the many "mothers" that come into play throughout the novel. Moll's guilt and discomfort seem to be what save her children each time. We never see the "unconditional love" of a mother with child that many authors have shown in their novels. Instead, we see a conditional love, which is dependent on wealth and security. Moll and Robin, Moll's first husband, were married for five years, until Robin's death; Moll had two children by him. She never really loved him, and never ceased longing for his older brother. However, she still had children with him. It seems that her lack of feelings for her husband were also similar to her feelings about the product between them (the children), because after her husband dies, the Mayor and his lady eventually "took the children off [Moll's] hands, leaving [her] a pretty widow with 1200 guineas." If Moll had any attachment to these children, she would have thought of ways to continue to raise them. She did have 1200 guineas, and it took only 5 guineas a year to support them. Instead, she took the easy way out and gave the children away, due to her lack of feelings for them and the fact that she was trying to be remarried. Moll passes over certain periods very quickly: the five years of her marriage take less than a page to describe, and the description of the situation with her children is only a few sentences. We never really hear about her children, or what childbirth was like, or anything domestic. Moll's lack of attachment to her children is rather striking: it appears that childr...

Operation Management Bachelor Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Operation Management Bachelor - Case Study Example The role of the total quality management should be emphasised as an important strategy for the London Zoo to increase the number of visitors. Another unique and contributing factor for the Zoo can be the improvement in the service management in order to meet the specific needs of the customers. While keeping in view the case of London Zoo the organization is advised to use innovation as an approach to compete. Since the last few decades the concept of tourists' destination has been transformed from merely entertaining sites to highly automate and managed business organizations competing in the tourism industry. There are many pros and cons of the trend. There are many factors that create a global environment for the sector, such as efficient and low cost of services, efficient logistics from production to the counter, new and changing visitors' patterns etc. All these developments are supported by the penetration of information and communication technologies (ICT) across the entire business chain from plan to services, logistics, sales, branding, and market research. (Emcc, 2005) Service Operation Management is related to service quality. Delivering the expected quality by meeting the customers' expected value is the essence of service operation management. ... The characteristics are that, they are intangible, they are variable, they are perishable, and they are simultaneously produced and consumed (Shiffman and Kanuk, 1997). The evaluation of service qualities highly depends on the visitors' experience of service qualities in the service. This evaluation is difficult after a visit (Ostrom and Lacobucci, 1995). Dale, (1989), "consumer views and normally results from consumer's expectations of service, with their ideas of how services should be delivered". Daryl Wyckoff has defined service quality as, "Quality is the degree of excellence intended, and the control of variability in achieving that excellence, in meeting customers' requirements." (Wyckoff, 1984, p 81) This theorem of quality is however not accurate as experts says 'Quality is whatever the customer says it is and the quality of a particular product or service is whatever the customer perceives it to be' (Powers,1997, p 179). So the main emphasis is on the customer and perceived quality. When the delivered service does not meet the perceived quality then there is gap which can be best described by the below mentioned gap model by Parasuraman, 1988. THE SERVICE QUALITY GAP MODEL Despite the useful underlying concepts of this model, in practice measuring customer satisfaction can be very subjective in nature. SERVQUAL is a survey technique that attempts to quantify the service gaps; however in practice its application is limited (Parasuraman, 1988). A manager may be able to apply the underlying concepts in practice, but any quantitative application requires lots of time and resources which small enterprise lack. Quality is made up of two components viz. technical and interpersonal. The service marketers like small

Today's digital media impact on young people of America Research Paper

Today's digital media impact on young people of America - Research Paper Example Furthermore, numerous young Americans are multitasking, whereby they can be surfing the internet and listening to their favorite music at the same time, thus leading to consuming an average of eleven hours in media content and a minimum of seven hours. Enables Young People to Gain Technological Skills and Literacy Digital media has made a substantial contribution to inclusion of young American into the globalization which is knowledge based. Moreover, there is a substantial difference in the skills required during the past and present in order to foster success. Nevertheless, there are no clarified definitions by policy makers in America regarding education in the digital age, which can contribute to full realization of educational opportunities available for young Americans during the modern world. Furthermore, there are technological and literacy skills that are offered by educators through integration of digital media with the mainstream of the school curriculum, instructions and assessment (Gee, 33). Therefore, digital media have been used as a way of fostering engagement in personalization of leaning for the young Americans in order to facilitate high academic performance. In this case, relevant application of technology can has offer technological and literacy skills that enable children to learn more and provide a basis for assessment though conventional tests. In addition, digital media offers a platform to young Americans to facilitate informed decision making through application of meaningful information that alter the learning opportunities. Consequently, these opportunities are translated into personalized learning, which is the focus on availability of feedback to both students and teacher. Offers New Standard for Communication, Socializing, Interacting Digital media facilitates engagement of young Americans into full-time intimate communities, whereby they have a chance to communicate through various electronic devices such as mobile phones and co mputers (Tamar, 1). In fact, young American have been using new media to socialize and interact, by exploring romantic relationship and other casual interaction ensuring no problems in a situation where the other parties is not interested in an intimate relationship. Therefore, there is ambiguity associated with online socializing, whereby numerous young people are able to shift to an era of exploring in the process of seeking information from the internet. There are ways though which young Americans use digital media to probe into a certain area of interest, whereby they use the interactions consisting of online interest group. In addition, the digital media facilitate a degree of autonomy and freedom for the young Americans, which is less perceptible in a classroom. In this way, the young Americans are able to respect the authority of each other; thereby remaining motivated to learn from peer groups. Fosters a Generation that is Thinking "global" Young Americans are living in a wo rld of globalized media, and there are numerous complexities involved, whereby the young people are able to access globalize media through various forms of technologies. Nevertheless, there are challenges faces in the process of developing theoretical and methodological assumptions concerning research on youth, culture, learning and the use of digital media. There is a significant issue considered in the currently in a

World War 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World War 2 - Essay Example Roosevelt went into the conference with the agenda of trying to influence the Soviet Union to join in the war in the Pacific where the United States almost single-handedly fought Japan. He was of the belief that if Russia were to enter the war on its side, then it would be much easier for the allies to defeat the Imperial military of Japan and force the latter to surrender. Roosevelt desired to end the war with Japan with minimal American casualties and the participation of the Soviet Union would have made this possible (Berthon & Potts285). Stalin, because of his relatively strong position, declared that the only way that he would agree to declare war on Japan would be if the United States recognised the Mongolian Peoples Republic as an independent state and that all of the islands which Russia had ceded to Japan after their war in 1902, namely the Kuril and Sakhalin Islands, were returned.These conditions were agreed to by the other participants in the conference and it has remaine d controversial ever since because China, the biggest loser in their implementation, was not consulted. Furthermore, Roosevelt and Stalin reached an agreement to keep the Korean peninsula in one piece once the Soviet Union became involved in the Pacific arena. Stalin agreed to enter the war with Japan some three months after the fall of Germany so that the Soviet Union could be able to marshal itself sufficient to help the United States invade the Japanese home territory. Stalin agreed to the proposition that the Soviet Union join the United Nations and this guarantee was secured through the Soviet Union is one of the nations which had the veto power in the Security Council; ensuring that all of the decisions that it did not agree with were blocked (Schlesinger185). During this conference, the three leaders agreed to create spheres of influence in the postwar Europe with each of them having zones to occupy within Germany and this agreement ensured that these three nations upheld the ir supremacy over the entire European continent. In conclusion, the discussion above has shown that the Yalta Conference was held by the Big Three, in a bid to discuss the development of a postwar order of Europe after the defeat of Germany.Each of the leaders went into the conference with their own agenda and it should be noted that before this conference, the Soviet Union had attained great strides and was close to capturing the German capital, meaning that Stalin was in an especially strong position in the Yalta conference and the attendees from Britain and the United States realised that they were in a weak position to oppose his demands.

Analyzing Historical Documents

Analyzing Historical Documents ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT A The document is an account of the Allied defeat in Norway, owing to what is known as the â€Å"Phony War† phase of World War II (WWII) wherein Britain and France went on the defense instead of engaging the Germans on the Western front. The document also outlines the now-reviled outcome of the European policy of German appeasement in the skirmishes leading up to the war. It details the failure of the infamous British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in curbing German aggression, especially after the Allied loss of Scandinavia in the 1940s. The voice of the document’s author is one that was far too muted in the onset of the war; it laments Europe and Britain’s underestimation of German capabilities and the situation on the ground. Following the invasion of Poland on September 1st, 1939, most of the Allied forces were slow to react. Britain and France were the only two nations in Western Europe to attack Germany right away; the Soviets had actually gone as far as to sign a treaty of non-aggression with the Nazis, welcomed by Hitler as a means of consolidating the war into a single European front. European general appeasement of Germany was shocking; even the Scandinavians who would later fall under the flag of the swastika did not venture to defend themselves. With the exception of what would become the dominated Norwegian armies, Scandinavia fell despite British and French aide. European inaction and failure to mobilize cost the Allies dearly, with Germany easily able to repel the French and send the Allied forces reeling. The reluctance of Europeans to answer the call to war was lamented by scholars throughout the continent, but was accentuated by the fact that none of the countries attempted to stop Germany until the Nazis came within striking distance. The British were especially awed by German military prowess as most of the German conquests were by land and air, avoiding the powerful British navy. The document’s speaker is harshly critical of what it perceived as European self-obstruction, pointing towards the British Prime Minister’s attempts to control the damage done to his reputation. Defending the outcome of the German sacking of Scandinavia, the British Prime Minister â€Å"gave a reasoned argumentative case for failure,† citing heavy German losses as a sort of ironic victory in defeat. The speaker first chides the Prime Minister as wars are not â€Å"won by explanation of an event† but rather decisive â€Å"and swift action.† Lamenting the talks in which Europe took part, the speaker’s voice is harshly critical of the Prime Minister’s touting of a victory that was not, in his/her eyes, significant in the least. The Scandinavian front was the last in which Britain could effectively make significant use of its Navy, its most powerful military branch. The document continues to call for a swift change in government as â€Å" wartime leaders† are not good in peace and vice versa. The speaker claims that the â€Å"duty of the government† is to exhibit the kind of leadership necessary to â€Å"win a war† rather than simply deconstruct why it failed. While the speaker is assured that â€Å"procrastination† is a â€Å"virtue† in politics, he argues that peacetime lawmakers do not understand its damning effect in war. The document is a remarkably reliable historical source as it goes into the foreign policy aspect of WWII, which is largely ignored in most historical accounts of the war that involve significant military victories or successful rebellions. The disgust the speaker has for the appeasement policies of his own government, in addition to the inability exhibited by the Prime Minister once he actually assumed a military state was an insurmountable affront to the war effort and the desire of peace throughout the land. Document A is also important is it predicates the ascension of Churchill to a combination of both military and political failures. The document is perhaps the more important to the student of history than the other two, for the specific reason that it touches on so many different dimensions of history, from the military to that of the political and the greater good. Not only does document deconstruct the military inefficacies in the first part of the war, but it also shows the pivotal point of British victory to the instatement of a more hawkish administration than that of the appeasement-endorsing Chamberlain leadership. ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT B The document is a British song about the escalating events in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, which found Britain in an unconventional allegiance with the Ottoman Turkish Empire. The song is one of nationalism, as is to be expected in wartime arts such as poetry and music. Though the song describes the Turks on neutral terms, it does not go so far as to fully demonize the Russians or paint the Ottoman Empire in a purely positive light. What is most remarkable about the song, however, is that it portrays an Islamic empire on equal terms with a Christian nation. â€Å"Macdermott’s War Song† describes a military struggle that encompassed the collision of two very different worlds. On the one side were the Ottoman Turks, an Islamic Empire that stretched from North Africa through the Arabian peninsula and through the Balkan states. On the other were the Russians, who sought to liberate Bulgaria and other Slavic, Orthodox Christian nations from the clutches of Islamic dhimmitude. The real politic on the part of the Russians was of course to establish a line of satellite states so as to get access to the trade-rich Mediterranean, a course of action which did not easily fool Russia’s Western European counterparts. Concerned also with the Turks’ brutal suppression of Slavic rebellions, European nations soundly denounced Ottoman military conduct, which also helped gain Russia several allies in its campaign against the Turks. Despite the familiar call to â€Å"liberate† Christianity from the dominance of imperial Is lam, other states such as France and Great Britain were not quick to heed the call to a unified European (or Christian) front, as trade relations warranted a departure from traditional conclusions of Muslim-Christian relations. The Russo-Turkish War marked one of the only times in European history that one Christian nation allied itself with a Muslim nation in order to stave off the growth and expansion of another Christian sovereignty. Longtime trading partners with the Ottomans, the British Empire wasted little time in establishing a protectorate role of the Ottoman state, a position which obviously did not set well with London’s one-time Russian ally. The war, however, did not escalate in the terms of the World War (WWI) as the alliances which were followed were largely extemporaneous, as was the actual military campaign which resulted in Ottoman recognition of the liberty of the Balkan states. â€Å"Macdermott’s war song† depicts the Russian Empire as â€Å"the rugged Russian bear,† strategically describing Moscow as â€Å"bent on blood and robbery†. Alluding to the Anglo-Russian war of 1807, the song laments having to wage war but insists that â€Å"a thrashing now and again† was not enough â€Å"to tame that brute† whose aggression against Turkey was not out of compassion for the Balkans but a part of Moscow’s â€Å"same old game† of plundering and territorial gain. Cognizant of Britons’ reluctance to side with Muslim Turks, â€Å"Macdermott’s War Song† capitalizes on a sense of competition; fighting with the Turks was not to defend the Ottoman possessions such as Constantinople, Bulgaria, or the Balkan states, but rather a means of stifling Russian imperial competition. The song assures the British people by insisting that Britain had â€Å"the ships, the men, and the money† to wage a su ccessful war against Moscow. The song cleverly diverts attention to Turkish atrocities by conceding that while â€Å"misdeeds of the Turks [had] been spouted through all lands†, the Russians were surely not innocent of atrocities themselves. By pointing to historic massacres on Russian sovereignty, the British made morally defensible the Turkish position by showing that while they were a foreign force, their brutality would be no different than that of the Russians. In proving Russia’s inability to show â€Å"spotless hands,† the song illustrated the fact that Turks were different, but their â€Å"quarrel [was] just† and they should therefore be â€Å"thrice armed† against the specter of Russian aggression. The song is a reliable historic source, as it shows how British culture had evolved from one of religious affiliation to nationalist interests. Simple actions such as contemplating and making an argument for the support of Turkey reflects a huge shift in British international policy; though the song is not specific in its historical content regarding dates and events, it is historically indispensable as a measure of British national interests. While the student of the history of Britain and the 19th century world would find the song useful, its substance is not substantial enough to determine whether the song is a reflection of a singular frame of mind or if the song is indicative of a cohesive national conscience. ANALYSIS: DOCUMENT C The document is part of a newspaper article dating to 1842. It served as almost a technological update for the greater community, describing the latest in sewage disposal. The article introduces the new system in a favorable light, as funding for it almost certainly would have cost the local population. Consequently, its purpose and specifications were presented as universally applicable, its functionality and efficiency available for all to take advantage. The document presented is one that exemplifies the massive effects of the Industrial Revolution and their reach throughout all aspects of society. The article is not only historically valuable, but it also serves as a reliable historical source for the student of the Industrial Revolution. From a historical perspective, the article came at just as the British Industrial Revolution began to grow in magnitude and pace. 1842 marked a time when the British Empire began to escalate its operations, using its colonies and territories to expand and evolve its domestic economy. With industrialization came the expansion of the middle class to include not only those between lower and upper classes, but also to accommodate an explosion in population. The economy was compartmentalized, changing the face of cities across the nation as technology both industrial and medical technologies broadened in scope and availability. From an ecological (not to mention hygienic) perspective, Britain could not support the burgeoning population explosion that occurred between the 19th and 20th century. With memories of the Black Plague instilled in the public conscience, the impetus of technological application and advancement would rarely be felt as urgently as in other areas of the Industrial Re volution. With the population exploding and birth fatalities reducing each year, sewage systems were a vital part in the sustenance of sanitation in the expanding population of British urban hubs. Sewage systems not only alleviated the concern of many for the facilitation of industrialization, it also reassured the people that they had equal footing in a newly-egalitarian society where class was increasingly diminished in importance. New advancements were usually only available to the upper class, and the sewage system represented a unifying force in the road to industrialization. Several references in the text signify the process of industrialization and the advancement of technology. The â€Å"200 water closets and similar places† gives the impression of a society implementing modern plumbing, a reflection of advancement and population expansion. The allusion to the â€Å"common drains† reflects the mass expansion of residences as well as the population explosion, suggesting a population that grows faster than commercial construction can accommodate. Common drains also were present in factories, agricultural collectives, and mills in which the growing middle class worked. That they shared common drains also suggests that the amount of people living in close proximity to each other increased. The sewage system mentioned also serves several different venues, ranging from â€Å"the infirmary† to â€Å"slaughter houses† and â€Å"manufactories,† reflecting a great diversity of industry in one area in a short span of time. Most notable of the service areas mentioned is the infirmary, a non-industrial compound itself but one whose sewage output warranted use of a significant sewage duct or system. If the sewage output from an infirmary could rival that of â€Å"pig manure, dung-hills, slaughterhouses, and manufactories,† there would have to be a huge growth in population and thus an increase in patient input to the hospital in question. Of the industrialized sources mentioned, the slaughterhouses and pig manure makes note of industrialization’s spread to the agricultural domain as well as the centralization of industries in urban hubs as opposed to the rural section of the country. The document proves to be reliable as an historical source in the depth of the areas it mentions. However, most of the useful facts one may draw from the article are purely speculative without academic resources or prior knowledge of industrialization to corroborate conclusions. The specific numbers listed—the â€Å"200 water closets† and â€Å"30,000,000 gallons per annum of the mass filth†Ã¢â‚¬â€are indicative of mass expansion both technologically and from a population consensus standpoint. However, the article serves less as a historical account as it does a representative literature focused on the transition between the feudal age (with reference to the medical leeches) and the Industrial Era. The document is valuable to the student of the Industrial Revolution; however, it should be taken as a reflection of one aspect of a transitive period more than a description of the Industrial Revolution as a monolithic whole. BIBLIOGRAPHY More, Charles. (2000) Understanding the Industrial Revolution. London: Routledge.

True Freedom in Lawrences Aaron’s Rod Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"They had got outside the castle of so-called human life. Outside the horrible, stinking castle of human life. A bit of true, limpid freedom.† ~ Florence, Aaron's Rod) 'Aaron’s Rod' concludes the central theme that D. H. Lawrence took up in 'The White Peacock', 'The Trespasser', 'The Lost Girl', and 'Mr. Noon': the idea of true human freedom. What makes Aaron’s Rod exceptional is the way it transforms the notion of love, regarded as the savior of human soul from the tyranny of social obligations. In his previous novels, Lawrence depicted characters that are fed up with their forced ways of social life. They are helplessly seeking a relationship that offers spontaneity, in harmony with their inner self, the depth of their soul. There is always only one answer to the question ‘How?’ and that is love. They break the existing social bonds and make new love relationships with varying results from a satisfied marriage (The Lost Girl) to suicide (The Trespasser). Contrarily, Aaron’s Rod takes a line that is overtly slanted against love as the true path of human freedom. It challenges the very notion of love as something c onsistent with the needs of the human soul. It even poses the question ‘what is true love?’ The first three chapters clearly poise 'Aaron’s Rod' against the mechanical mode of life in an increasingly industrialized society. Aaron Sisson is the Secretary at a colliery. He has to work till late in the evening and has an unsatisfactory marriage. His reaction to his suffocating emotional life is seen on Christmas Eve when he goes to bring his daughters some candles. Instead of returning home, Aaron spends the night at the Bricknells. He tells Josephine, â€Å"My wife has made up her mind she loves me, and she’s not going ... ...he way one of them becomes an eagle and the other its prey. Secondly, does the inner, deeper self of the man, one that enables him to become himself, survive the chains of social bondage? Lawrence is optimistic here just as he has been in The Lost Girl and The Rainbow. The reader sees Aaron shocked at the splitting of his flute in a bomb blast made by the anarchists. On Lilly’s asking, he throws the broken rod into a stream. Lawrence speaks through Lilly the most precious words: â€Å"It’ll grow again. It’s a reed, a water-plant. You can’t kill it.† Man’s soul is always living, breathing, and waiting for the vital ecdysis that gives it the power to come out and rule itself. In Lilly’s words, â€Å"We must either love or rule. And once the love-mode changes, as change it must, for we are worn out and becoming evil in its persistence, then the other mode will take place in us.†